The Physics of Pinewood Derby Cars
by
Clifford W. Lazar
CLIFF[shift+2]LAZARDEV.COM
Visitors =
My first car design came in second place. Then I learned the
shape of the racetrack. My second car design finished first. The
competing fathers were aerospace engineers and mathematicians. My
opponents cars were tested in TRWs wind tunnels.
Operating Environment
The Pinewood Derby Cars travel downhill, initially at about a
45-degree angle, through ambient air, not in a vacuum. The track
is composed of two parallel runways, each with a raised center
median. The wheels of each car are placed straddling the median
of their runway.
The cars are held in place, before the start, by a two-tanged
vertical fork that is pivoted forward and away from the front of
the cars, until the fork tangs are below the respective medians.
The tangs move through two slots in the respective medians.
Air Drag is a Minor Factor
There is a small air resistance that means a 5.0 oz. car will
travel faster than a 4.5 oz. car, ceteris paribus. At the same
time, since the cars dont exceed 15 to 20 mph, the relative
air drag resistance between two cars is a minor factor,
contributing little to speed. Wind tunnel testing, at hundreds of
miles per hour, is meaningless.
Major Factors: Rolling resistance and Angular Momentum
I have tested, motor oil, graphite, and 3-in-1® oil. Motor
oil is too viscous, graphite is the second most viscous. 3-in-1®
has the least viscosity. It also wont last from one heat to
another. The pinewood derby car manufacturer recommends against
using 3-in-1® because it allegedly deteriorates the plastic in
the wheels. We dont care if the wheels only last 12 hours.
Actually, they last for years. If you dont oil the wheels
before each race, they will slow down.
Axles
An often-ignored factor is the drag caused by the axles, which
are four cheap nails. I spun the nails in a hand drill bit and
used emery cloth to eliminate longitudinal ridges and replaced
them with parallel V-shaped ridges (WWWWW). This reduced the
surface area of contact between the axle and the wheel to nearly
nothing. The wheel rides on 3-in-1® oil. It doesnt touch
the axle.
You want to have the wheels as close to the body as possible
to avoid wobble. If the wheel hub rubs against the car body, it
will lose energy to friction. Polishing the body as smooth as
glass and lubricating the body with 3-in-1® Oil can minimize
this.
Angular Momentum
A major factor for the travel time of the car is the angular
momentum. If the car doesnt go straight, the wheels will
ride up on the median strip, converting forward speed to
chattering increased height. You can hear the losing cars
chattering their way down the track. The car manufacturer
incorrectly recommends that the extra weight be placed in the
center of the car. This is like putting a mid-engine roadster in
a drag race. Drag racers are long. They try to maximize their
angular momentum. Mid-engine sports cars try to minimize the
effort required to turn.
I placed the fish weights evenly in two pairs of holes drilled
in the front and back of the car. This created a barbell effect,
maximizing the angular momentum. My car wanted to go straight.
Winning the Race Before It Started
Most of the hotshot fathers shaped their cars to look like
formula one racers, low slung, aerodynamic. When the fork tangs
were pivoted forward and down by the Starter, the low slung cars
stood still until the tangs were nearly rotated 90 degrees.
My car was shaped like a landing barge, a funny sight to see: A landing barge beating the formula one racers.
Back ....................................................Front .................Back.......................................Front

The landing barge shape meant that when the tang of the
starting fork had moved 10 degrees my car was already moving and
ahead of the low slung car, next to it. At 45 degrees my car was
already .75 inches ahead of the opponent. Some of the heats were
only won by .75 inches. The other guy must have done a good job
with his wheels and angular momentum. Still, he lost because the
beast will beat the beauty ... if the physics is right.
If you use this design or improve upon it, please email
me. Tell me how you did.
Sites: http://www.pinewoodcup.com/ http://pinewoodextreme.com/
Using Superglue on the Axles
Ted Johansen wrote:
My son and I came up with an ugly little car that won all the heats for first place. I stuck to the rules and didn't help my son build his car. I gave him some suggestions that seemed unimportant to him. I had done a little research and decided that rolling resistance was the most important function. I chucked the axles in a drill and polished them with emery cloth. I also removed any burrs from the tread part of the wheels and sanded them making for very narrow tread-track contact. I left the wheels off the car in order to let my son paint and finish the car before final assembly. Final assembly was performed a few minutes before the race. The den leader built a fixture to hold the axle perpendicular to the body during installation (pounding with a hammer). No weight was added to the car and it was very light.
After the races, my son and I were playing with the car on the floor, pushing back and forth across a 10 foot length. I noticed that the car went very straight. I concluded that polishing the axles and sanding the wheels helped, but not as much as having very straight wheel alignment. The car never lost much time rubbing against the side or middle rails. The last few heats were very close. I'm sure the dad's that built sleek cars for their sons didn't like the drubbing they got from a very plain looking car.
----- Original Message -----
From: keith
mauney
To: Cliff
Lazar
Sent: Sunday, February 16, 2003 3:25 PM
Subject: The Race
Well, the race is over and we
would like to thank you for all your help!!! I know your design really
helped and it kept my son in the race a whole lot longer
than anything I would have done on my own. Also, I want to thank you for your
web site and it really helped me with some questions, mostly the weights being
on top, bottom, front or back?? The site is a great source for new dads
to the derby. Last year, I felt bad because I didn't have the graphite.
Now I can care less, he won the Top "Bear" Spot, and later ran
against the other winners from their sections. By the way, today is my
son's Birthday and he's nine. So, what a great feeling it was when he won
the," Best Overall"!! Now he goes to the District on
March first. I'll let you know how he does there. One
thing before I go, I had some trouble with the wood splitting and one of
my nails kept coming out. So when I set all four the way I thought they
should be, I super glued them in. I have wondered if that helped and
gave me an edge since our cars were having to race and race over and over.
Last year on our last race the car started wobble. Who knows, but thanks
again and Will let you know about the March 1 race.... C-ya
PS.. most of our competitors were the sons of Doctors and lawyers.
One even raced the same car he had last year and won. THANKS!!
You made me a proud Daddy too!!!!!! bye
I just saw your pinewood derby info. Very informative. I had a few other ideas that helped us win most years -
- angle the nails (axles) so that the wheels were "toe out". Less wheel wobble, and less wheel contact with the track.
- sand the wheels so that the surface was also "angled". Less contact with the track. Also make sure the inner parts of the wheel are sanded and polished (those parts that touch the track guide, and the part that touches the body of the car).
- put graphite on the inside surface of the wheels as well, where they would touch the center "guide" track
- use round stickers as "hubcaps". Before you put these stickers on, fill the center portion of the wheel with graphite. The hubcap "stickers" will keep the graphite in for many, many races. Make sure these stickers aren't sticky at the center, and don't touch the nail axle.
- if you can get away with it ;-), also shape the front of the car so that it is (looking down from the top), a long, inverse "V" shape - that is, exactly the opposite of a "pointed" car. That way, when the car is sitting at the top of the track ready to go, the tang of the starting fork is in the middle of the car (the inside point of the "V"). The outside "points" are maybe 2" farther down the track, already giving you a 2" advantage at the finish line.
Just my two cents - thanks!
Glenn Wescott
- 1. Your weight should be very dense and as far back on the car as possible. The further back it is, at a 45 degree angle, equates to lifting the weight higher and therefore the weight has more potential energy. More PE = more speed.
- 2. I like your V shapes on the axels as it does reduce the resistance
- 3. Place your nails in a bag of graphite for a week prior to the race. Graphite will “fix” itself to the nail and help stay available for future heats. We can only use graphite on our races.
- 4. (If legal) Get a measurement prior to the race of the height of the starting pin and create the front to look like this:

On our track you gain a half an inch on every other car. Just be careful of the fragile front!
- 5. We cannot modify the wheels at all except to remove the birr on the inside that touches the track middle. It is best to shape the inside edges (inner by hub and outer edge) so the smallest possible bit will touch. If possible, shape away the wood so the outer edge cannot touch. Prep the wood near the nail to be as smooth as possible and coat with graphite.
- 6. A cool design concept is to make the front into the pinchers and the rear weights (molded lead or tungsten) into the tail of a scorpion!
Good luck next year!
Hi Cliff. Here is a quick variation on a recommendation I read several places
on your site. You, and others, mention polishing and/or lubricating the car
itself where the inner hub of the wheels may make contact.
I agree. My tip is to apply an old piano repair persons tip to this
application. Mix a little bit of graphite with isopropyl alcohol.
Using a cotton swab, apply just a drop of this mixture to the side of the car
where each wheel would rub. The key is to do this after lightly sanding,
but before painting the car. Also, cover these spots so they do not get painted.
(They should be hidden by the wheels.) The alcohol will wick into the pores
of the wood (capillary action) pulling graphite in with it.
In one minute or less the alcohol evaporates and you have a
wooden surface which is graphite impregnated, and stays slippery for a long time.
This is not a liquid lubricant - the alcohol is merely a mechanism
used to help apply dry graphite, and it does not remain on or in the car.
I haven't tried this with wheels yet. The plastic is certainly not as porous as wood,
but like everything else, it is somewhat porous.
The alcohol may eat away at the plastic and do more harm than good.
If you try, please let us know! JimC.
Brian Kronberg, MCSE: Messaging
Microsoft Consultant
I just wanted to let you know about the Pinewood Cup, The Official Pinewood World Championship.
Please visit our site at www.pinewoodcup.com.
Oil Reservoirs
Thanks for your insight. I'm not sure I follow how you replace
the ridges on the nails w/ parallel V-shaped ridges (WWWWW). I can
eliminate the existing ridges, but how do you add the V-shaped ridges, and why
is this an improvement from a completely smooth axle? Also, we are not
permitted to oil the wheels before each race. What's your recommendation
on a lubricant presuming we can't add anything once the racing begins? Thanks.
Webb Campbell
4/8/03
Here's my response:
1. To get the ridges, put the nails in a hand drill and turn them at lowest
available speed. Cut a piece of emery cloth 1/2" x 3".
Drape it over the spinning nail and pull the cloth lightly against the nail.
The longitudinal burns will be sanded off. A little more sanding will
add the transverse vvvvvvvv grooves.
2. The purpose of the grooves is to reduce the surface area of the axels
and thus the friction.
3. I'm not sure what to do about the rule that you can't add oil between
runs. Possibly you could drill four 1/8" vertical holes from the
top of the car to 1/4" inboard from the sides of the car and directly
over each axel. Then drill a 1/64" hole at an angle from the top of
the each axel at the side of the car. Cover the small exit holes with
tape. Fill the holes with 3 in 1 oil. Tape over the top of the
holes.
Turn the car upside down and remove the tape over the small holes. Make
sure you use a tape that leaves no residue. Or use no tape.
Keep the car upside down before the race and between each race.
At the start of each race turn the car right side up. Tilt the car side
to side so the oil will drain down the axels. Spin the wheels to spread
the lubricant.
Hopefully the oil will drain down slowly enough to last through multiple races
and not make a mess.
Good luck. Let me know what happens.
Cliff
| Blog Topic |
Blog Title |
Date |
| Science |
A Supermassive Black Hole, Forming in an Existing Galaxy, is Problematic |
11/26/08 |
| Politics |
Why Do
So Many Jews Vote Democratic |
10/26/06 |
| Politics |
Some Things You Have
To Believe To Be A Liberal |
9/6/06 |
| Politics |
Some Things You
Have To Believe To Be A Republican Today |
9/6/06 |
| Jihad |
Fighting Radical Jihaddists |
9/6/06 |
| Hezbollah |
Getting
Actionable Intelligence on Hezbollah |
8/12/06 |
| Intelligent
Design |
Intelligent
Design |
12/23/05 |
| Katrina |
Paying
for Katrina |
9/23/05 |
| Katrina |
A
Dialogue on the Katrina aftermath |
9/8/05 |
| Katrina |
Katrina,
What to Do
Lessons from Katrina |
9/2/05 |
| FBI Secret
Searches |
Limit
FBI Administrative Authority |
1/17/05 |
| Iraq
Blunders |
Predictions
of Blunders in Iraq |
1/17/05 |
| Media Bias |
Charles
Krauthammer Asserts and Distorts About Media Bias
|
1/16/05 |
| Tsunami |
Diego
Garcia may have been damaged by the Indian Ocean Tsunami
|
1/2/05 |
| Single
Life |
Getting
from Living Together to Marriage |
10/15/04 |
| Income
Distribution Economics |
The
Lorenz Curve and the Gini Coefficient are Misleading
|
10/11/04 |
| Indifada |
Jonathan
Cook's Advocacy of Palestinian Indifada Violence
|
9/2/04 |
| Fahrenheit
911 |
Fahrenheit
911: Critique and Response |
7/30/04 |
| Jobs
Economics |
Jobs
Creation Policies |
7/24/04 |
| LNG Long Beach |
Mitsubishi
Should Not Lie About LNG in Long Beach
|
4/29/04 |
| Wounded
Veterans and Dependents |
Petition for
Fair Treatment of Wounded Veterans and Dependents of Those Killed in Action in
Iraq and Afghanistan
|
12/06/03 |
| Bigotry |
Prayer vs. Self-Defense |
11/17/03 |
| Iraq |
Building
the Iraqi Economy |
8/29/03 |
| Computer
Viruses |
Fighting
Viruses Effectively |
9/2/03 |
| Noah Winer |
Response
to MoveOn.Org's Explanation |
7/10/03 |
| Indifada |
Response
to MoveOn.Org's Pro-Palestinian Bulletin |
7/10/03 |
| al Queda |
Is Tom
Clancy a Source of Ideas for al Queda? |
5/12/03 |
| Tax Cuts |
Employment
Scoring of Proposed Tax Cuts |
5/9/03 |
| Laci Peterson |
Laci Peterson -- Possible Scenarios |
4/15/03 |
| Iraq |
Implications of Rapid Conquest
-- More Nukes |
4/14/03 |
| Iraq |
Answering A.N.S.W.E.R. on Iraq
|
2/21/03 |
| Iraq |
Alternative
to War: Occupy the No-Fly Zones
|
2/17/03 |
| Iraq |
Peaceful
Occupation of Iraq |
2/17/03 |
| Iraq |
Should We Go to War with Iraq? |
2/14/03 |
| Black
Holes |
Black
Hole Genesis |
3/8/03, 7/2/04 |
| Space
Shuttle |
Find
the Columbia Space Shuttle's External Tank
Terrorist or hunter? |
2/4/03 |
| Iraq |
Sadam's
6,000 Nuclear Engineers |
1/30/03 |
| Iraq |
Partition Iraq and Solve The Sadam Hussein Problem |
07/28/92 |
| Islam Uber Alles |
Islam
Uber Alles Should we slow the march of Islam? |
|
| Economics |
Balancing US Exports
Full Employment Through Capital Gains |
|
| Politics |
The
Differences between Democrats and Republicans, a dialog |
|
| Divorce |
Divorce Super Fund, Let
Spouses Afford to Re-marry |
|
| Drugs, Crime |
Legalize Addicts Not Drugs |
|
| Air Pollution |
Solving Smog in Cities with Inversion Layers (Coming) |
|
| Science |
The Cause of TWA 800 |
|
| Medicine |
Protect seniors with large
type on prescription bottles and medical equipment |
|
| Discrimination |
Ending
Men-Only Clubs If it's Social, it doesn't need a tax deduction |
|
| Air Safety |
Stinger
Missile Defense |
|
| Links |
Russ
Abbott
http://russabbott.blogspot.com.
computer
science, politics |
7/24/04 |